This report compares social expenditure in Ireland with that of other European and developed countries. Even accounting for differences in pensions and the age structure of the population, it finds that social spending in Ireland is low compared to that of many other countries. Dr. Timonen argues that there is a need for the Irish welfare state to evolve, so that it is appropriate to the level of economic development. In particular she emphasises the need for a more universal provision of public services, such as childcare, and the importance of quality and efficiency in their delivery.