The need to involve citizens in decision-making is an issue faced by governments, both central and local, globally. This research draws on extensive national and international literature, case studies, policies, guidance and principles of engagement, as well as other research recently carried out by the Institute of Public Administration (IPA) research team.

Five in-depth case studies are presented to demonstrate best practice across IAP2's spectrum of citizen engagement. The purpose of the spectrum is to demonstrate the different levels of participation, from informing or consulting citizens to involving them in decision-making, collaborating with them and empowering them. This spectrum was used to identify best practice and case studies that reflect the diverse initiatives at local level in Ireland which aim to enhance outcomes through better informing and engaging with the public.

Emerging trends and some practical recommendations for local authorities are outlined, aiming to aid local authorities in maximising the impact of their citizen engagement initiatives